Saturday 10 September 2011

What kind of fees do most hedge funds charge?

The majority of U.S. hedge funds charge the standard "one-and-twenty": 1% of assets and 20% of profits, annually (more precisely, the 1% fee is usually charged in .25% increments quarterly, in advance while the 20% is usually calculated annually). These are known as the "management fee" and "performance fee" respectively. There are many variations and embellishments, some fairly common. For instance, most funds observe a "high-water mark". This simply means that if, in a given performance fee period, a fund loses part of its investor's money; the investors will not be charged in later periods until the losses have been recovered. Another common variation is the "preferred return." This means that a fund will not collect a performance fee until a certain return is achieved. This is often fixed, say at 10%, or ‘floats’ along with some risk-free interest rate indicator.

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What are the tax implications of becoming a limited partner/investor in a hedge fund?

At the end of each year a Hedge Fund as a limited partnership reports in a K-1 form gains or losses for the trades the fund made that year. These gains or loses are treated as are any other capital gain. It is important to note that the return of a fund is separate from the taxable gains and losses the fund has made over the course of the year. For example, it is possible that a fund may have "realized" a loss for tax purposes but have reported positive performance (capital appreciation) through unrealized gains. The opposite is also possible.

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What is the minimum investment in a hedge fund?

The minimum investment varies from fund to fund, and is set by the General Partner (GP). It is common for new hedge funds to open up with minimum investments of $250,000 or $500,000. Established funds can have much higher minimums; $10,000,000 is not unheard of. In most cases, the GP can waive the minimum at his sole discretion. This is often done to accommodate investors who intend to make an investment equal to or greater than the stated minimum over time, but do not want to start that high.

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How many investors may invest in a hedge fund?

100 "accredited investors" or an unlimited number of "qualified purchasers" may invest in a single Hedge Fund. Typically, the hedge funds with which we associate have considerably fewer than 100 investors. 

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What is a qualified purchaser?

An investor is a "qualified purchaser" (sometimes referred to as a "super accredited" investor) if the investor is an:
  • Individual who own $5 million or more in investments, including investments held jointly with a spouse.
  • Family-held business that owns $5 million or more in investments.
  • business that has discretion over $25 million or more in investments
  • trust sponsored by qualified purchasers 

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Are there restrictions as to who can invest in hedge funds?


1.      Yes. Hedge Funds are restricted from accepting partners who are not "accredited investors." 

What is an accredited investor?

Presently, if you can meet one of the following criteria, you are an accredited investor:
  • You have an individual net worth, or you and your spouse have a combined net worth, in excess of $1 million.
  • You had individual income, excluding any income attributable to your spouse, of more than $200,000 in the previous two years, and you reasonably expect to do the same this calendar year.
  • You and your spouse had joint income of more than $300,000 in the previous two years and reasonably expect to do the same in this calendar year. Institutions and pension accounts are subject to more complex criteria, and should consult an accountant.
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